Saudi Arabia’s ambition to plant 10 billion trees is one of the largest environmental restoration efforts in the world — but how do native plants actually survive in arid, harsh landscapes? This session explores what we’re learning from large-scale planting efforts across the Kingdom, including our work managing NEOM’s main nursery, which produces 2–3 million plants annually, as well as our efforts in transplanting and translocating native trees. From seed collection to long-term maintenance, we’ll reflect on what works, what needs adaptation, and what survival really means when greening a desert.